“Best grown in moist, organically rich, humusy, well-drained soils in part shade to full shade. Soils should not be allowed to dry out, but need good drainage to prevent wet conditions from developing.” – Missouri Botanical Garden
“The flowers lack nectar and provide only pollen to visiting insects. These visitors are mainly Halictid bees, Robertson (1929) observed Augochlorella striata, Lasioglossum pectoralis, and Lasioglossum zephyrus. Various birds eat the white berries… the Ruffed Grouse, Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker, and American Robin. …the foliage is toxic…it is not eaten by mammalian herbivores.” – Illinois Wildflowers